Made of/with/from

Usually if you are referring to clothing, you say 'made of' (my shoes are made of leather) if it is the main material of the object (hence "coat of wool", "gown of silk", etc.). Using 'made of' usually also implies that the material is still recognisable ("chair made of bamboo").

If the object is a substance (eg. cider) with the primary ingredient being fermented apple juice, you would say 'made from' - "cider is made from apples". Another example is: "vodka is made from potatoes". Generally, when using 'made from' it describes a process.

You would say 'made with' for the cocktail example, because while someone may consider the main feature of the cocktail to be alcohol, it's not really its primary substance, it's just an ingredient - which means "the cocktail is made with vodka" is correct.

Also, there are differences between "made out of" and "made up of".

Again, "made out of" implies a process: "the box was made out of wood" whereas "made up of" just refers to parts of a whole (a synonym would be "includes"). Hope this helps! - Native speaker from Australia

Casually, there is not much of a difference. Most English speakers will understand what you mean.

Grammatically, or if you are speaking to an expert in manufacturing, "made of" means we can still see the original material in the object. For example, "The ring is made of gold" is correct because we can clearly see the gold material, and can return it back to its original form. Same with plastic, wool, etc.

"Made from" means the material used to make the product has gone through a significant change and cannot be returned back to its original state. For example, "The cheese is made from milk" is correct because we no longer see the milk in the finished cheese product.

"Made with" means that the product is comprised of individual ingredients. For example, "The smoothie is made with bananas and cinnamon."

For your examples using Apples, Vodka, and Leather, the following answers are grammatically correct:

Cider is made from apples. (Because we can no longer see the apples, and we cannot return the cider back into apples.)

The cocktail is made with vodka. (Because a cocktail is a drink that changes depending on its ingredients. Vodka is one individual ingredient that was used for this specific cocktail.)

My shoes are made of leather. (Because we can still see the material, and the leather pieces can be disassembled back into scraps and used to make another product.)

Hope that helps!